History of Graphic Design

De stijll-form
Architecture, sculpture, typography
Mondrian
Gerrit Rietveld & Peter Oud
Cubism
“House of the Building” – The Bauhaus
Moholy Nagy, Bauhaus Master
Photoplatics
Herbert Bayer
Universal alphabet
Meis van der Rohe
Jan Tschichold
New typography


Designers started applied de stijl principles to architecture, sculpture and typography, their philosophy is: visual forms developed from Mondrian’s paintings. Mondrian pulled out in 1924 when can Doesburg formulated his theory “Elementarism”, emphasis put on the diagonal not the polar axis. The formula of a typographic style was achieved by the work of Theo can Doesburg and Vilmos Huszar. But De Stijl did not survive after Van Doesburg’s death in 1913 at the age of 47.
The Bauhaus, model for most art school in 20th century, early inspiration from expressionism, medievalism, and handicraft. Two locations: Weimar 1919-1925, then in Dessau 1925- 1933. Bauhaus establishes design as a discipline taught and practice using modernism’s form and functionality. Bauhaus was to form a new unity of both fine and applied arts to solve design problems created by industrialization. The final year of Bauhaus, grouius resigned returned to Arch practice in 1928, Moholy Nagy and Bayer return to practice in Berlin.

Kasimir Malevich
Suprematism
Marinetti Russian lectures
The emergence of the Constructivist Movement
Tectonics, Texture, Construction
Rodchenko and Photographs
Propaganda
Mosselprom
Cocoa
Veshech
Prouns Space
El Lissitzky
The Steinberg Brothers
De Stijl
Theo van Doesburg
Mondrian

Germany expressed the implications of Synthetic Cubism in poster design called Plakatstil. Establishes for modern graphic design a vocabulary of geometric structure and form based on the perceptual effects of color and formal juxtapositions. Suprematism, creates a theoretical model for an abstract visual language where form is understood as a set of forces soon aligned with those of revolution. Russian artist and designers absorbed Cubism and Futurism with amazing speech, influenced by Marientti’s Russian lectures. 5 years between 1917 and 1922, the emergence of constructivist movement. 1920, an ideological splited into Malevich and Kandinsky. Montage as the “fabrication” of a prototype for printing not a unique work of art, photos become discursive. EL Lissitzky is like Rodchenko, a “constructor” but remaind idealistic to the goals or Suprematism and Maevic while teaching at the popular art institute in Vitebsk. Unlike Rodchenko, he gave importance to capacity of the artist and his obejects to embody ideals not only functions. Late Constructivism was instrumental in placing the radical typographic forms of futurism and Dada into the commercial realm in the late 1920’s. Later the Steinberg Brothers made realistic drawings using projected film stills and grids.

World War I
Pictorial Modernism
Poster & Object style
Cubism
Realism and Abstraction
Visual and Literary Materiality
Calligrammes
Synthetic Cubsim
Futurism
Modern Shock
DADA
Berlin DADA
Satire
Surrealism
Automatism


Posters were the dominant form of advertising and communication before we have television and radio. Modernist pictorial graphic in Europe were focused on graphic simplification, integration of word and image, and symbolic concerns of synthetic cubism. Modern poster goes to war during 1915, they started compare styles, purpose, attitudes, and content of War, familiar realist poster styles soften the harsh realities of a world war. What is the relationship between forms of representation? A sign is the unity of signifier and signified. Poets began considering the arrangement of words on a page as much as the words themselves when making poetry. In 1909, futurism was launched by Filippo Marinetti, a revolutionary movement that embraced the modern world and all its temptations. DADA developed spontaneously as a global network of artist of diverse nationalities. Avant-garde poets of the 1910s became the grahic designers, teachers and systematic theorists of the 1920s and 1930s. In 1918, DADA artists claim to have invented photomontage, using art of photomontage as a potent propaganda weapon against the Weimar Repulic and growing Nazi party. DADA movement split into factions and in 1924 Breton launches surrealism in Paris.

Part3:
- Victorian Popular Graphics
- Mass produce
- Characteristics of Victorian Graphics
- Chromolithography
- Typefounders and Illustrator
- Monotype
- Editorial design
- Modern Movements
- Total Design
- William Morris
Part4:
- Beggarstaffs
- Cubism
- Nouveau
- Gismonda posters
- Functionalism
- "Jugend"
- Vienna Secession
- Modernist Era
- Glasgow School

There's no design philosophy in Victorian period, designers express a new consciousness of the industrial era's large middle class. Mass produce, tyoe design, and the form of the book became casual. Godefroy Engelmann patented chromolithography, mass communication is born.Mass produce graphic media became objects of consumption in their own right, dreams and desires were spread on a grand scale. In market drive by opportunism novelty was worth a piece. Later this period, book making became expensive, normal people could not afford. Late Victorian period, designer's work became very flat, then they started combine photographic with drawings, flat, but not really.

- pre writing
-Egyptian Hieroglpyphs
-Asian Contribution of printing, paper and typography
- Greek Alphabet
- Latin Alphabet
- Celtic Book Design
- Paper and woodblock printing
- modernist typography

From before human can write to designers developing different fronts and making books. Long time ago by making tooks human understood the idea of shapes and used them to communicate, they used symbols to represent ideas or concepts. Later those symbols transformed into letters then has different fronts. Designers started using them to design with image.